无人机活塞式发动机进排气系统优化

针对一款无人机(UAV)用活塞发动机在飞行转速为6500r/min时扭矩较低以及燃油消耗率较高的问题,提出了一种基于自适应遗传算法（GA）的发动机进排气系统优化方法,进行进排气系统改进设计。使用GT-Power软件搭建了该发动机一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验数据验证模型;基于该模型进行了进排气系统结构参数对扭矩和燃油消耗率的敏感性分析,将进气管长度、直径、空滤器后腔容积和排气管长度作为优化变量,使用Matlab进行自适应遗传算法优化,使用Simulink/GT-Power接口实现数据采集和优化结果反馈。通过台架试验验证了优化结果的准确性。结果表明:在飞行转速为6500r/min时,经过优化后的发动机扭矩和燃油消耗率都得到明显改善,扭矩最大可以提高5.51%,燃油消耗率最大降低6.31%。      

采用进气管涡流控制阀的四气门汽油机缸内涡流运动的研究

研制了一种叶片式进气管涡流控制阀,采用涡流动量计式稳流实验台和Ricardo评价方法,分析了四气门汽油机可变涡流进气管对进气流通特性和缸内涡流特性的影响,并且建立了相对应的三维数值模型,得到进气管与缸内流场更为详尽的数据信息。结果表明,该结构可以对缸内涡流运动强度和进气流量系数进行调节,进气终了涡流比调节范围为0~1.59,平均流量系数调节范围为0.25~0.41;涡流强度增大,流量系数随之减小,适应发动机不同工况对于流量系数和涡流运动的要求。     

吸入式空冷汽轮发电机气体运动流场分析及应用

为了提高空冷汽轮发电机的冷却效果,改变原压入式空冷汽轮发电机通风方式,空气由定子风道和转子风道进口进入,由吸入式风扇排出,消除了原压入式汽轮发电机由于风扇进风而带来的风道进口温度升高以及转子风道的热风进入定子风道造成定子风道进风口温度增加,改善了冷却效果.采用模型试验和数值模拟方法对吸入式空冷汽轮发电机风道气体运动流场进行了分析,结果表明:吸入式空冷汽轮发电机转子风道进口风速一般为10.0~90.0m/s,和压入式空冷汽轮发电机转子风道进口风速基本相同;距汽端近1.0m范围内,定子风道风速一般为8.0~18.0m/s,距汽端1.5~3.0m范围内,定子风道中风速仅为3.0~5.0m/s,为了使定子得到均匀冷却,将前15个风道间距增加至80.0mm,后25个风道间距减小至45.0mm,可在总风道数目基本不变的情况下改善冷却效果.     

苏通长江大桥主梁断面三分力系数的雷诺数效应

以苏通长江大桥为研究背景,研发了一套测压装置,通过测压法对苏通长江大桥施工状态主梁断面三分力系数进行了现场实测研究,并把现场实测所得结果与风洞试验结果进行了对比,研究了雷诺数对三分力系数的影响。结果表明：雷诺数对阻力系数影响较大,现场实测值比风洞试验所得值小约15％,对升力系数及力矩系数影响较小。因此,针对特大桥梁,在利用风洞实验获取三分力系数时应尽量使雷诺数接近实际情况,否则结果可能偏于保守。     

T型靠背风速管研制及其在动车组流量测试中的应用

为解决动车组底板和部分通风通道流速方向变化、安装空间狭小而无法采用传统测速仪器的问题,研制了一种新型具有较佳全压孔形式的微型T型靠背风速管,通过风洞试验标定的方法分析了不同弯管段长度、不同风偏角以及不同空气流速对流速管流速系数的影响,并在动车组新风通道流量测量的实车试验中对其工作特性进行了验证。确定了弯管段最佳长径比为L/D=2,该结构尺寸下,随着动压的改变,流速系数波动不明显,最大变化率为1.34%,平均流速系数为0.741;风偏角在10°范围以内变化时流速系数变化不大,最大相差6.12%;在动车组新风通道流量测试的实车试验中,测得的流量值与额定风量值之间的最大误差为4.03%。这种新型靠背管结构尺寸简单且具有双向性的特点,对流速及风偏角变化敏感程度较小,工作稳定可靠,测试精度较高。     

无隔道进气道RCS特性实验研究

选定无隔道进气道口面参数,在不同的极化方式下对无隔道进气道及皮托式进气道进行了电磁散射特性实验研究。比较了2种进气道的雷达散射截面(RCS),得到了各个口面参数对无隔道进气道RCS的影响规律。研究结果表明:无隔道进气道是1种低RCS进气道;鼓包相对来流附面层的高度略低于1.2时最好,唇罩锯齿角在120°~135°最佳,唇罩内切角在60°时较好,鼓包相对唇口的位置在0.7~0.8时较好。终端开口与转动风扇的比较表明,无隔道进气道的后向散射主要来源于外罩唇口的电磁波散射。     

发动机进排气效应对民机构型气动特性影响

基于非结构混合网格技术，通过数值求解Navier-Stokes方程，分析了航空发动机进排气效应对民机构型气动特性的影响。通过设置合适的进排气边界条件来模拟发动机进排气效应的影响，采用单独发动机短舱风洞试验模型，验证了计算方法的可靠性。在此基础上，分析了发动机进排气效应对翼吊式和尾吊式两种典型民机构型气动特性的影响，结果表明:翼吊式民机构型发动机进排气效应对升力的干扰主要由发动机尾喷流的引射效应对机翼的干扰引起；尾吊式民机构型随着发动机进气流量的增大，机翼上表面压力逐渐减小，激波位置逐渐后移；不同发动机进气流量会对飞机的阻力特性产生较大影响，在飞机详细设计阶段需充分考虑机体与动力装置之间的干扰影响。      

Study of geometric parameters for the design of short intakes with fan modelling

The flow over a short intake is characterised by a strong interaction with the fan, that can only be captured when the rotor blades are modelled in the numerical simulations. In this paper, we use a coupled methodology to derive indications about relevant geometric variables affecting the high-incidence operation of an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan intake with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.35. By reproducing the effect of the fan through a body force model, we carry out a parametric study of the influence of the contraction ratio and the scarf angle at take-off conditions for a grid of 28 different three-dimensional shapes. The analysis of the selected performance metrics distributions at three angles of attack of 16°, 24°, and 28° reveals that a contraction ratio higher than 1.20 is needed to avoid separation at high incidence. While for an attached inlet the best performance is found with a moderate scarf angle, in presence of a developed separation the distortion level reduces as the scarf decreases up to negative values. We discuss the correspondence between the distortion indexes and the flow field, highlighting the origin of the detachment for the different geometries, according to the operating condition, and analysing the fan operation in the most distorted case. Finally, we assess the influence of modelling the rotor in the simulations, showing that its suppression effect on the separation at a given incidence depends on the intake geometric features.     

Maneuver control at high angle of attack based on real-time optimization of integrated aero-propulsion

To reduce the propulsion system installation thrust loss under high angle of attack maneuvering, a control method based on real-time optimization of the integrated aero-propulsion is proposed. Firstly, based on data fitting and physical principle, an integrated onboard model of propulsion system is established, which can calculate various performance parameters of the propulsion system in real time, and has high accuracy and real-time performance. Secondly, to improve the compatibility of optimization real-time performance and search accuracy, the online optimization control of aero-propulsion system is realized based on an improved trust region algorithm. Finally, by controlling the auxiliary intake valve, a good match between inlet and engine is realized, which solves the problems of intake flow reducing and total pressure recovery coefficient declining, and improves the installation performance of propulsion system. The simulation results indicate that, compared with the conventional independent engine control, the real-time integrated optimization method reduces the installed thrust loss by 3.61% under the design condition, and 4.58% under the off-design condition. Furthermore, the simulation on HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) platform verifies the real-time performance of integrated optimization method.     

考虑进排气的飞翼静、动态气动特性数值模拟

采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟技术，以二维模型为例，建立了基于小幅度非定常运动的动导数计算方法，构建了考虑喷流引射效应的进排气模型、考虑管道效应的通气模型以及常规的保形模型，分别对其静态以及动态气动特性进行了数值模拟计算，并辨识了其纵向俯仰力矩系数组合动导数。研究表明:非定常动导数辨识方法较为准确可靠，相比保形模型，进排气以及通气模型的静态失速攻角（AOAs）增大，升力系数、阻力系数及俯仰力矩系数也增大，但力矩系数斜率基本不变，说明静态稳定性差异不大。而相同攻角下，进排气影响下的俯仰力矩系数组合动导数绝对值最大，表明了进排气模型具有最大的动态阻尼，而通气模型次之，保形模型的动导数绝对值最小。